Microbiome and Metabolic Disease

Louise E Olofsson and Fredrik Bäckhed
Endocrine Reviews, First published online January 30, 2022, bnac004
https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnac004

Abstract

We are host to an assembly of microorganisms that vary in structure and function along the length of the gut and from the lumen to the mucosa. This ecosystem is collectively known as the gut microbiota and significant efforts have been spent during the past 2 decades to catalog and functionally describe the normal gut microbiota and how it varies during a wide spectrum of disease states. The gut microbiota is altered in several cardiometabolic diseases and recent work has established microbial signatures that may advance disease. However, most research has focused on identifying associations between the gut microbiota and human diseases states and to investigate causality and potential mechanisms using cells and animals. Since the gut microbiota functions on the intersection between diet and host metabolism, and can contribute to inflammation, several microbially produced metabolites and molecules may modulate cardiometabolic diseases. Here we discuss how the gut bacterial composition is altered in, and can contribute to, cardiometabolic disease, as well as how the gut bacteria can be targeted to treat and prevent metabolic diseases.

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